Archive for 'Polttoaineet'

New consortium aims at driving hybrid energy development

Via: Germany.info

A newly launched consortium created by international technology players wants to accelerate the design and development of integrated solar combined cycles (ISCC) power plants. The initiative is called Hybrid Energy Consortium (HEC) and is supported by the American QGEN, which specializes in utility-scale power generation and water desalination projects, FLABEG Group (expert on glass finishing processes) and Schlaich Bergermann und Partner Sohne GmbH (consulting civil and structural engineers), both of Germany, and JGC Corporation of Japan, a specialist on hydrocarbons.

The initial plan is for HEC’s ISCC plants to start by integrating state-of-the-art concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies into conventional gas- and coal-fired plant designs to generate electricity and desalinate water. That will be followed by HEC’s testing of new solar field designs and components in ISCC configurations in its own technology demonstration plants to be located in North Africa and North America. A successful deployment of commercial designs will segue into design, procurement and construction services to project developers around the world.

The hope is that ISCC plants will accelerate the integration of solar energy into the electricity generation mix. In ISCC plants solar energy is used as a complement to fossil fuels leveraging the gas- or coal-fired plant infrastructure and eliminating the need for the government subsidies currently being granted to stand-alone concentrating solar or photovoltaic (PV) power plants.

Lähde: EnergyRefuge.com Blog

PetroEnergy’s 40MW Maibarara geothermal gets ECC permit

PetroEnergy Resources Corp. (PERC) announced that it was pushing through with its 40MW Maibarara geothermal project after an ECC was issued by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Maibarara is located at Calamba, Laguna and Sto. Tomas, Batangas.

PERC is expecting to commission the first 20 MW integrated steamfield and power plant by late 2013. PERC will develop the said geothermal project together with Trans-Asia Oil and Energy Development Corp. and PNOC – Renewables Corp.

The ECC encompasses the 4 major phases: well work-over and drilling, installation of the fluid collection and reinjection system, power plant construction, and the erection of transmission facilities. The ECC requires however some conditions. Major of which are: to form a multi-partite monitoring program, establish an environmental guaranty fund, and undertake mitigating measures whenever necessary in each phase of the project.

The Philippines, next to the United States, is one of the countries with the most number of geothermal sourced power. Energy Development Corp (EDC) holds the distinction of being the no. 1 geothermal producer in the country.

[source]

Lähde: Alternat1ve.com - One Alternative Energy Blog

Solar Costs Versus Nuclear

A recent story about how solar power plants are now more cost effective  to build than nuclear power plants in Carolina has created quite a bit of buzz especially amongst staunch advocates of renewable technology. Here’s how the New York Times framed the issue on July 26th.

Solar photovoltaic systems have long been painted as a clean way to generate electricity, but expensive compared with other alternatives to oil, like nuclear power. No longer. In a “historic crossover,” the costs of solar photovoltaic systems have declined to the point where they are lower than the rising projected costs of new nuclear plants, according to a paper published this month.

- from Nuclear Energy Loses Cost Advantage

Such a report might lead one to believe that it is more cost effective in the long run to build a solar power plant instead of a nuclear plant. While that might be the case in some instances in most scenarios it probably won’t be the case. Over the long run, when measured in cost per unit of output, nuclear plants are still less costly to consumers than solar power plants. There are a few reasons why this is the case.

• The Cost of Land – Solar plants require about 5 to 10 acres per megawatt of capacity. So if you were to size a solar plant and try to make it equivalent in capacity terms to one nuclear generating unit you would need at least 5,000 acres. A nuclear plant could be built on a couple of hundred acres or less.
• Actual Output of Power – Over the lifetime of a solar plant it will output far less electricity than a similarly sized nuclear power plant. A really good photovoltaic solar plant will offer a capacity factor of 15%, which means that on average you would get 150 megawatts of output from a solar plant. Nuclear plants have improved their performance in recent years to over 85% capacity factor, which means on average you get about five times the power from nuclear than you do from solar.
• The Cost of Reliability – A solar power plant cannot replace a conventional power plant and still maintain or improve reliability of power delivery. This is due to the fact that you can’t really predict exactly how much output you will get from a solar plant at any given time. When electricity is at its peak demand for a day you may or may not have solar power available in order to help you meet that demand. So you still need other forms of more reliable supply to help meet that demand. Nuclear plants can replace other types of plants, particularly baseload coal plants, because there is a high level of certainty that the power from the plant will be available. So the cost of having to continue to use legacy generation assets must be considered.
• Environmental Costs –  The cost to the environment is in favor of solar plants, but not nearly as much as the margin between solar and fossil fuel powered generating facilities. They will use minimum water when compared with nuclear plants. But nuclear plants output no harmful emissions. And since nuclear plants also eliminate the need for certain older types of generation the environmental costs of nuclear could be seen as comparable to solar.

As you can see there are a number of strong arguments in favor of nuclear economics, especially when you consider power output over the long run. The Energy Information Administration currently estimates the construction costs of nuclear (on a national basis) as lower than solar photovoltaic by about $2,500 per kilowatt of capacity. Where the EIA does give solar an advantage is in the operations and maintenance costs of the solar facilities by $80 per kilowatt. In order to truly take advantage of those cost differences solar facilities would need to be able to scale up to much larger sizes than we are seeing right now. The baselines used by EIA compare a 5 megawatt solar photovoltaic against a 1,350 megawatt nuclear unit.

It’s true that there are other costs and pitfalls to nuclear projects that help to shrink the economic gap with solar power. The cost of all the needed approvals and permits for nuclear facilities continues to rise. The risk that the plant won’t ever get built, and thus all the upfront costs are lost is real. After all, a new nuclear facility hasn’t been constructed in the U.S. in over 30 years. In the past nuclear projects have been plagued by mismanagement and cost overages. But those incidents occurred at a time when the burden on the cost was borne by electricity ratepayers. In the era of competitive markets the shareholders of the companies that construct nuclear power will bear the majority of the risk. It’s also important to note that large solar facilities come with their own risks. Large solar power plant proposals for the California desert have been met with fierce opposition.

So is solar power cheaper than nuclear power? Perhaps in some circumstances but for the most part the answer is no. It is worth noting that after publishing their story on the cost of nuclear compared to solar in North Carolina the New York Times added an editors note to their article that includes the following statement.

…the article failed to point out, as it should have, that the study was prepared for an environmental advocacy group, which, according to its Web site, is committed to ‘‘tackling the accelerating crisis posed by climate change — along with the various risks of nuclear power.’’ The article also failed to take account of other studies that have come to contrasting conclusions, or to include in the mix of authorities quoted any who elaborated on differing analyses of the economics of energy production.

The Times’ editorial update highlights the importance of considering the many inputs and outputs that result from the construction and operation of power facilities. It’s a complicated subject. The information that is not presented is just as important as what is included in a particular study or report. Draw your own conclusions on the topic but I think that we have a ways to go before solar can truly challenge nuclear as a more economic source of electric power.

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Lähde: Clean Energy Digest

Let’s drill for heat, not oil

Guest post by: Tom Rand

We’ve hit the bottom of the global oil barrel. Thousands of rigs far out at sea stick giant straws through more than a mile of sea-water, and drill down for miles more to pierce our remaining pockets of oil. Those pockets may be big enough to wreck the Gulf, but they’re so small in global energy terms that they couldn’t supply the global economy for a day. In the Canadian Tar Sands, they melt tar and turn it into oil, which is akin to turning diamonds into coal.

The expertise we bring to access these last bits of oil is impressive – but peak oil and climate change dictate it’s a losing game. Investments in the Tar Sands and deep-water drilling bring no lasting wealth, only short-term economic gain at significant environmental expense.

The larger tragedy revealed by the BP spill is that we lack the imagination to re-direct that expertise and capital to safer, cleaner sources of energy. The lesson to learn is not about safer drilling in deep water. Instead of drilling for oil at sea, we could drill for heat here on land.

Traditional geothermal is well understood. The heat of the earth’s crust sometimes pokes up near the surface, warming underground aquifers. Tap that liquid, and use the heat to drive a turbine. But these plants are limited to a few areas where conditions are just right.

The holy grail of renewable energy is enhanced geothermal (EGS). Drill a few miles down pretty much anywhere, and you reach hot, dry rock. EGS is the art of fracturing that rock, and circulating fluid to extract the heat and produce electricity. EGS can produce power 24 hours a day, eliminating the intermittency associated with other renewable sources. It can provide base-load power.

The amount of available energy is enormous. A 2006 report by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology estimated that EGS can deliver many thousands of times our total energy needs. It can go a long way to greening our grid, and electrifying transport.

Power plants take up a few square kilometers of land, extracting heat from the large volume of rock underneath. Each drilled section lasts 5 or 6 years, when you drill another set of holes. The original section slowly re-heats. Each cubic kilometer of rock, lowered by only 1 degree, delivers the energy equivalent of 70,000 tonnes of coal. This is not kid stuff.

Want to replace coal plants? Drill a couple of holes, facture the rock, and replace the furnace with a heat exchanger. Keep the rest of the infrastructure, and say goodbye to coal. If the cost of the capital needed to drill and fracture the rock is less than the cost of coal (and carbon risk) it’s no-brainer.

Want to think really big? A trillion dollars of EGS plants could replace the entire North American coal infrastructure. That may sound like a lot of money, but the US spends about that much on oil, each and every year.

EGS isn’t just theoretical; in fact, there are operating plants in France and Germany, and lots of drilling has started in Australia. The guys from Google see promise, and have made investments in new drilling and fracturing technology.

It’s not a stretch to imagine oil companies going after EGS. They routinely drill into the earth’s crust, at sea and on land, seeking oil and gas. Geological engineers have lots of experience fracturing underground rock to clear natural gas wells, and do it now to extract gas from shale.

But oil companies need a push to get into the renewable energy game. As long as there are scraps of oil to tap, they will remain distracted from safer, cleaner alternatives. A strong pricing signal on carbon, set to rise over time, will get their attention. The provision of low-cost debt for renewable energy projects, like EGS, will keep it.

Government intervention has driven innovation and created wealth in the past. The U.S. interstate highway system was funded by the federal government in the 1950s. That paved the way for the auto sector to fuel the North American economy for almost half a century. Silicon Valley was founded on military and academic support of the microchip processor.

Kicking our fossil fuel habit will drive the next industrial revolution, and the US needs to show leadership. We do not need to stick giant straws into the deep sea to pierce the last remaining pockets of oil. We just need energy. And that can be found everywhere, if you just drill deep enough.

Tom Rand is Cleantech Lead Advisor at MaRS Discovery District; a venture capitalist; and author of Kick the Fossil Fuel Habit: 10 Clean Technologies to Save Our World.

Lähde: EnergyRefuge.com Blog

Dispatch from the Amazon: the queen of biomes needs care – and global cooperation

The day the group of journalists I was visiting Brazil with by an invitation of Apex, a trade and investment agency, arrived in Brasilia for a series of meetings with government officials, the news were good. The country had managed to reduce deforestation in the Amazon region by 47% between August 2009 and May 2010, compared with the previous year. It went down from 1,142 square miles during the 2008/2009 period to 604.3 square miles over the last year. It still sounds like a lot, but when you consider that in 2004, a peak deforestation year, 10,588 square miles of Amazonian forest was destroyed, the number represents a drastic reduction. But the ravaging goes on. In June, another 66.4 square miles of forest were destroyed.

163 road in the Amazon (Photo: Antonio Pasolini)

Our first stop was lunch with Ibama’s board. Ibama (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources) is a jack of all trades in Brazil. It carries out surveillance, monitoring, prevents and fights forest fires, protects biodiversity and natural resources, provides environmental information, issues permits and licenses, etc. It’s a household name in Brazil with local chapters all over the country. It’s always in the news due to the terrifying number of stories related to wildlife trafficking, a billion-dollar industry that threatens biodiversity all over the world.

But during our lunch meeting, Ibama was in celebratory mood and the topic was the fight against deforestation, Brazil’s chief concern in terms of preservation, since it accounts for 75% of its carbon emissions. Therefore, curbing deforestation is key to meeting emissions reduction targets (around 37% by 2020) agreed up at the COP15 in Copenhagen last October.

We are given a presentation by George Porto Ferreira, the coordinator of Ibama’s environmental zoning and monitoring, who tells us about the organization’s Remote Sensing and Geographic Information systems. That’s how Ibama surveys the vast Amazon region, thanks to technology developed by Brazil’s space agency INPE and Japan’s Advanced Land Observing Satellite. There are two main methodologies: Prodes and Deter, which is fortnightly in terms of delivery. It has become more efficient, but it’s less so on cloudy days. Information received from INPE is sent to ground staff on the same day. These use a cross-reference system to set the priorities, according to location and scale of deforestation.

Via Mongabay

Some would argue that deforestation has gone down due to economic reasons. With a stronger currency and the global credit crunch, Brazilian commodities have gone up in price, and demand has decreased accordingly. But Ibama likes to think it is winning the war.

“Deforestation has decreased in pace with economic growth, which is a reason to celebrate”, says Director of Environmental Protection Luciano Evaristo. “It is possible to reduce deforestation because there is no need to destroy the environment in order to grow economically.”

Luciano believes better technology has been crucial. “10 years ago, Ibama did not have the technology. Now the actions are coordinated and we are able to reach the most critical areas. There are 244 operations planned for this year in the Amazon region”, he says. Although the Amazon is priority, other biomes, such as Cerrado (savannah, with a 48% deforestation rate) and Pantanal (flood plains, 15% destruction rate), among others, are also about to get more attention. “It goes beyond wildlife. It’s also about climate security.”

One of the problems that Ibama faces is shortage of ground staff. It has 1,400 officers working on a rotating shift basis, covering an area that is bigger than the whole of Western Europe. At any one time, there are 700 to 800 officers on the ground. Luciano acknowledges the need for more staff, but that depends on the government, he says. He estimates 4,000 ground workers would be ideal.

To be fair, it’s hard to pinpoint what an ideal number of enforcement officers would be, many of whom risk their lives to protect the forest, in such a vast area. Therefore, other tactics apart from enforcement are necessary. Luciano says confiscating culprits’ assets has proven more successful than fining lawbreakers, since fines rarely get paid (less than1%). Withdrawing credit from those who’ve been prosecuted is also part of a strategy mix.

Living and loving the Amazon

Besides all the high-tech, state-of-the-art paraphernalia to monitor the Amazon, the Brazilian government is resorting to other methods of forest preservation. The one we get to see firsthand might be the best answer to the problem. The national sustainable forest management program, which is a key component of Brazil’s strategy to fight deforestation, is creating a model that preserves the forest and gives local people a better living standard. The Ministry of Environment, Izabella Teixeira, reminded us that there are 25 million living in the Amazon region and that they need something to do. When authorities remove illegal activity, it needs to be replaced with a sustainable option.

Via Mongabay

And that’s exactly what’s being attempted at Mambé, a pioneer sustainability project in one of the Amazon’s 41 national forests (“flonas”). The trip to Brazil included a visit to the Tapajós National Forest (600,000 hectares) in the western Pará, one of the vast states in the Amazon region. The project was set up in 2005 with national and international funding and it helps over 7,000 members of 24 forest communities to explore timber sustainably. The project covers an area of 30,000 and each production unit (UPA) is explored once and then left to rest for 25 to 40 years. In 2009, Ambé grossed over US$2 million by auctioning timber to local companies.

Before being taken on a guided tour of the project, we met some of cooperative members who told us about their work and the improvements to their living standards (cooperative members earn roughly twice as much as non-members) and showed us some of the craftwork they produce with forest resources. Particularly attractive are the goods made out of ‘vegetable leather’, which is used to make bags, sandals and decorative items. Phyto-therapeutic oils such as copaiba and andiroba are also a staple of their output. Some of the oils can be used applied to cosmetics as well.

Vegetable leather goods (Photo: Antonio Pasolini)

“Tapajós National Forest is a good example of how to balance conservancy and community productivity”, says Mauro Pires, who works for the government’s anti-deforestation office. “Projects have to abide by a law that regulates public forests, which also guides how concessions are issued and management carried out. By the end of the year, there will be around 640,000 hectares worth of concessions issued under this law.”

In practice, sustainable exploitation of the forest means that only selected, large tress can be timbered and they will have to be replaced. This way, no clearing is made and biomass and biodiversity are not affected, says Mauro. An inventory of the area is made before the planning and the extraction itself are carried out.

After all the presentations, we were finally taken on a walking tour of Ambé. No doubt the place is just a sample of the grandeur of the Amazon forest, which is humanly impossible to penetrate in its pristine, wild state. So reserves are the only way to get a taste of the forest experience. But what an experience it is! Despite the fact that no wildlife is anywhere to be seen – most of the rainforest animals are nocturnal, we were told – the feeling of being amidst such majestic flora is magical.

Visit to Ambé, a pioneer community-led, low-impact forest management project located in the Tapajós National Forest in the Amazon region (West Pará). The project was set up in 2005 and it helps over 7,000 members of 24 communities to explore the forest in a sustainable way. Visit http://www.energyrefuge.com/blog/tag/amazon-trip to read articles related to Brazil and the environment.

Curbing deforestation is no easy task for any country, especially when the area in question spans 1,930,510.8 square miles (the Amazon accounts for 59% of Brazil’s territory, especially a developing one). But preserving biomes is not a choice, but an obligation if we want to have a future. All official representatives we spoke to in Brazil confirmed that livestock is the main driver of deforestation. Consumers abroad finance the destruction as livestock becomes hamburgers and frozen meat products – for every quarter pound hamburger made from rainforest cattle, fifty square feet of rainforest was cleared (the same as a small kitchen).

Cattleranching in the Amazon. Via:Flickr Creative Commons

Forests are shrinking all over the world – 3.1 percent between 2000 and 2005, according to a study published in the Annals of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). That’s about 386,102 square miles. It’s a huge area and it’s impossible to figure out the number of beings – human and non-human – who lost their homes and lives in the process.

To quote Brazil’s Climate Change Embassador, Sérgio Serra from the meeting we had with him on July 22, “the concept of conquering land has to change”. The world has a huge challenge in its hands, but it could be an opportunity to create a new, sustainable and juster global order. Like the Brazilian Minister of Environment, Izabella Teixeira, said during our press conference, “what we need is an alliance between all people in the world. We have to overcome prejudices and establish a dialogue”. Government and corporate action alone will not do. As citizens, we all have a role to play with the choices we make and the way we see and interact with the world. That’s the main lesson I brought home from the Amazon.

Disclosure: Energy Refuge’s trip to Brazil was sponsored by Apex, a governmental agency that promotes trade and investment in Brazil, with funding provided by Petrobras, Eletrobras and Banco do Brasil.

Watch related video:

Lähde: EnergyRefuge.com Blog

Dispatch from the Amazon: arrival

Hello from the Amazon in Brazil!

This week we will be posting a series of dispatches from the Amazon region in Brazil, home to the world’s largest rainforest that spreads out to other South American countries as well. Brazil is a major player in renewable energy and it is a key country in any environmental discussion. Therefore we are very excited to see firsthand how this pivotal country is dealing with the enormous challenges it faces in order to develop in a sustainable way, meet its emission targets and preserve the biomes it harbors at the same time.

I arrived here on Sunday and this is my first impression of Manaus, the capital city of the state of Amazon in the north of Brazil, a very atmospheric city with an impressive 19th century opera house. But there is nothing like experiencing the vastness and beauty of the rainforest.

Our next post will be about Urucu, a gas operation in the middle of the Amazon forest and whose policies prioritize a low-impact approach to energy exploration. Is it really possible to explore energy in the Amazon region without damaging the environment?

Lähde: EnergyRefuge.com Blog

600 MW wind power transmission facility proposed for Northern Luzon

The recently formed Wind Energy Development Association of the Philippines (WEDAP) announced that together with the National Grid Corp. of the Philippines (NGCP) they would plan to establish transmission facilities in Northern Luzon with a capacity of 600 MW to supply the grid with wind power based energy.

The WEDAP, is composed of the following Wind Energy Companies: Energy Development Corp., Alternergy Philippine Holdings Corp., Trans Asia Oil and Energy Development Corp., PetroEnergy Resources Corp., UPC Renewables and Northwind Power Development Corp.

Aside from this they have asked support from the DOE to mark portions of Northern Luzon as wind corridors so that priority can be given to them by the NGCP and related government institutions.

[source]

Lähde: Alternat1ve.com - One Alternative Energy Blog

Avoid waste and be green

The guys at Do The Green Thing know how to get your attention and put across a green message with a good dose of nonsensical British humor. They have produced a series of videos to show how people can avoid waste by using products they’ve bought to their very end, never leaving anything behind. They say:

“You wouldn’t buy a ticket to a film and walk out half-way through would you? (Unless it had Miley Cyrus in it). Anyway, don’t do that with stuff, use it all up. You know it wants you to.”

They call the concept All-Consuming. We think it’s all good. Obviously the concept is applicable to energy as well: switching to LED and solar lights, insulating the home, unplugging appliances when these are not in use and being generally mindful of energy use are all green things to do. In fact, avoiding unnecessary usage is the ultimate green thing to do. To find out how green you are, click here.

All-consuming

Toothpaste

Soap

Lähde: EnergyRefuge.com Blog

Energy efficiency: saving money and the environment

We wrote on Independence Day about how renewable energy is a key tool to achieve independence in the age of dwindling oil reserves and global warming. We also mentioned energy efficiency as part of an overall strategy to achieve a sustainable, independent future. Today we further explore the concept of energy efficiency by talking to Nathan Rothman, the founder and CEO of Optimum Energy, LLC, a company that provides HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) software solutions in energy efficiency.

ER: First of all, what is energy efficiency?
NR: Energy efficiency encompasses a broad range of energy efficiency solutions. I use the term “efficiency solution” deliberately because I believe applying new technologies to mature industries, such as buildings, is the next frontier for innovation – the innovation we need to push this country to the forefront of the international market. Energy efficiency by its very nature is about saving money – you’re not paying for the kWh of electricity that you’re not using. And if efficiency is done right, the savings continue year after year so that after the initial efficiency investment is paid for, the savings go right back into your pocket.

ER: Is it a concept that can be applied to any type of built environment?
NR: Energy performance in buildings deteriorates over time, whether it’s an existing or a new building. Even new buildings, including those that were designed as high energy-efficient sustainable buildings, realize deterioration of as much as 30 percent in the first three years of operation. This means the energy efficiency opportunity is not only large, but if buildings incorporate new technologies that also aid in long-term operation and maintenance, then the efficiency impacts also can be long lasting.

ER: What kind of technology is there to address this issue?
NR: Today we have the chance to use software to operate buildings in ways we’ve never considered before. For instance, GooglePowerMeter is available to homeowners for free. The theory is that by having information about how much energy your home is consuming, you’ll be motivated to find ways to reduce it. On the commercial side, similar solutions are also available today. If you want to take the leap from monitoring to actively managing building operations to reduce energy consumption, you can find solutions for that, as well. Imagine a building that turns the power in your office on as you enter the building, and turns it off when you leave? How about reducing the amount of power a building’s heating and cooling (HVAC) system consumes by up to 60 percent by using a different control methodology? Together lighting and HVAC make up more than 70 percent of a typical building’s energy use, so finding savings in these two areas can lead to substantial savings.

ER:What role does energy efficiency have to play to achieve a cleaner energy future? Is energy efficiency getting the attention that it should by policymakers and enterprises?
NR: While the idea of energy efficiency has been around for a long time, it’s understandable why it seems to take a backseat to exciting new clean energy technologies or climate controversies. But the energy efficiency industry is also innovating rapidly and solutions are available now that are saving building owners money, creating jobs at every stage in the building lifecycle, and driving economic growth. For those paying attention, there are opportunities to not only implement efficiency technologies and realize long-term cost savings, but to build new businesses or grow existing ones. With or without incentives, efficiency is here to stay, and it pays.

Lähde: EnergyRefuge.com Blog

Charity brings solar power to island community

Solar panel installation in Chole. Source: SolarAid

SolarAid, an NGO that works to promote solar power for the world’s poor, recently announced that the charity’s Tanzania chapter completed an installation of solar power for the whole of Chole Island, bringing renewable power to over 1,000 inhabitants.

The Tanzania team worked with Coastal Air airline to get the solar panels and equipment over to Chole, a small island off the larger island of Mafia, which sits just off the coast of Tanzania.

Chole Island has no national grid power, and is unlikely to ever have access to it. The SolarAid team worked with local contractors to install solar lighting systems in a health center, community center and a secondary school on the island.
SolarAid Tanzania also worked closely with their contractors to train local people on Chole in how to maintain and monitor their systems, to ensure they work to their maximum potential and are ultimately more sustainable.

As part of the Chole Island project, SolarAid has recruited a local SunnyMoney representative, Farihani Shomari, who also works as a handyman in a hotel on the island. He has already sold 37 products in just two months. Farahani has also installed a few larger solar systems with SolarAid.

Lähde: EnergyRefuge.com Blog

postaukset

• Food & agriculture - Aug 130 August 14, 2010.
• Securing tropical forest carbon: the contribution of protected areas to REDD0 August 14, 2010.
• Don’t force wind power down other people’s throats0 August 14, 2010.
• Peak antibiotics - Aug 140 August 14, 2010.

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